Understanding the Threats and Attack Vectors:

1. Malicious Redirection (Qishing):

This is the most common threat. Attackers create QR codes that look legitimate but redirect users to phishing sites designed to steal credentials, download malware, or display inappropriate content.

2. Data Theft and Credential Harvesting:

QR codes can link directly to fake login pages, surveys, or forms. When users enter their personal information, this data is sent directly to the attacker.

3. Physical Tampering (QR Code Overlays):

Malicious actors physically place stickers with fake QR codes over legitimate ones in public places like parking meters, restaurant tables, or public advertisements.

4. Unwanted Downloads (Malware Distribution):

Some QR codes can be engineered to trigger automatic downloads of malicious files onto a user's device without explicit consent.

Best Practices for Businesses and Individuals:

1. Use Dynamic QR Codes (and a Reputable Provider):

Dynamic QR codes allow you to change the destination URL even after the code has been printed. Choose a QR code management platform with strong security protocols and regular security audits.

2. Implement URL Shortening (with Caution):

While URL shorteners can make QR codes cleaner, they also obscure the final destination. Use trusted providers and ideally use your own custom domain.

3. Educate Your Customers and Employees:

Advise users to be wary of QR codes in suspicious locations and encourage them to verify the destination URL before proceeding.

4. Secure Physical Placement:

Use high-quality, tamper-evident stickers or place QR codes in secure, monitored locations. Regularly check for signs of tampering.

5. Protect Sensitive Data:

Never embed highly sensitive information directly into a static QR code. Ensure destination websites are secure and comply with data privacy regulations.